I te whanaketanga o te tangata me te whanaketanga o te hapori, ehara i te mea he mahi māmā noa iho ngā hiahia o te tangata mō ngā kakahu, engari he nui ake te aro ki tōna haumaru me tōna hauora, ki te tiaki i te taiao matomato me te taiao tūturu. I ēnei rā, ina tautoko te tangata i te kai taiao me te kai matomato, kua nui haere te aro o te tangata ki te haumaru o ngā kakahu. Ko te pātai mēnā he kino ngā kakahu ki te tinana tangata kua noho hei tetahi o ngā kaupapa matua e arohia ana e te tangata, haunga te rongoā me te kai.
Ko te kakahu e pā ana ki te muka māori me te muka matū hei rauemi mata, mā te miro, te whatu, te tae me ētahi atu hangarau tukatuka, te tuitui rānei, te hiato me ētahi atu hangarau me te hanga hua. Tae atu ki ngā kakahu kakahu, ngā kakahu whakapaipai, ngā kakahu ahumahi.
Kei roto i ngā papanga kakahu:(1) ngā momo kākahu katoa; (2) ngā momo papanga kakahu katoa e whakamahia ana mō te hanga kākahu; (3) te arai, te whakakī, te miro whakapaipai, te miro tuitui me ētahi atu taputapu kakahu.
Ko ngā papanga whakapaipai ko:(1) ngā taonga o roto – ngā ārai (ngā ārai, ngā ārai), ngā papanga tēpu (ngā napkin, ngā tauera tēpu), ngā papanga tāonga (ngā papanga toi sofa, ngā uhi tāonga), ngā whakapaipai o roto (ngā whakapaipai moenga, ngā whāriki); (2) Ngā moenga (te hipoki moenga, te uhi kuīti, te urunga urunga, te tauera urunga, me ētahi atu); (3) Ngā taonga o waho (ngā tēneti, ngā maru, me ētahi atu).
I. Te mahi haumaru o ngā kakahu
(1) Ngā whakaritenga hoahoa haumaru āhua hua. Ko ngā tohu matua ko:
1.Te pumau o ngā āhuatanga: ka wehea te nuinga ki te tere huringa o ngā āhuatanga o te horoi maroke me te tere huringa o ngā āhuatanga o te horoi. E pā ana ki te tere huringa o ngā āhuatanga o te kakahu i muri i te horoinga, i te horoi maroke rānei, kātahi ka whakamaroke. Ka pā tika te kounga o te pumau ki te utu o ngā kakahu me te pānga o te mau o ngā kakahu.
2. Te kaha o te tihore i te arai piri: i roto i ngā hūtu, ngā koti me ngā hāte, ka hipokina te papanga ki tētahi paparanga arai piri kāore i whatuhia, arai piri whatu rānei, kia rite ai te pakari me te manawanui o te papanga, ā, kia kore ai e ngāwari te hurihanga o te āhua o te kaihoko i te wā e mau ana, e takaro ana i te tūranga "anga" o te kākahu. I taua wā anō, me pupuri tonu te kaha piri i waenganui i te arai piri me te papanga i muri i te mau me te horoi.
3. Pilling: Ko te pilling e pā ana ki te nui o te pilling o te papanga i muri i te waku. Ka kino haere te āhua o te papanga i muri i te pilling, ka pā tika ki te ataahua.
4. Te paheke o te tuitui, te paheke rānei o te miro: ko te paheke nui rawa atu o te miro mai i te tuitui o te maihao ina pēhia, ina totorohia hoki te tuitui o te maihao. Ko te tikanga e pā ana ki te nui o te pakaru paru o ngā tuitui matua o ngā hua kākahu pēnei i te tuitui ringaringa, te tuitui poka ringaringa, te tuitui taha me te tuitui o muri. Kāore i taea e te nui o te paheke te eke ki te tohu paerewa, e whakaatu ana i te whirihoranga hē o te miro whatu me te miro whatu i roto i te rauemi arai me te iti o te piri, e pā tika ana ki te āhua o te mau, ā, kāore e taea te mau.
5.Pakaru, haehae, pakaru rānei, kaha pakaru: ka ārahi te kaha pakaru i te papanga kia mau ki te kaha pakaru mōrahi; ko te kaha haehae e pā ana ki te papanga whatu he mea, he matau, he pakaru me te ngatata o te ahotea ā-rohe, he miro, he papanga rānei e mau ana i te rohe, ā, ka pakaru te papanga kia rua, ā, e kiia ana ko te pakaru: ka pakaru, ka karangahia e te tohu pakaru ngā wāhanga miihini o te papanga te whanaketanga me te pakaru, kāore ēnei tohu i te tino tika, ka pā tika ki te pānga whakamahinga me te roa o te mahi.
6.Te nui o te muka: e tohu ana i te hanganga muka me te nui o te muka kei roto i te kakahu. Ko te nui o te muka te mōhiohio tohutoro nui e tohutohu ana i te kaihoko ki te hoko i tētahi hua, ā, ko tētahi o ngā mea nui e whakatau ana i te uara o te hua, ko ētahi e whakapae ana he mea hē, ko ētahi e whakapae ana he mea rūpahu, ko ētahi e tohu matapōkere ana, e whakapoauau ana i te ariā, e tinihanga ana i te kaihoko.
7. ātete kakahu: e pā ana ki te nui o te ātete o te papanga ki te kakahu, ko te kakahu tetahi o ngā āhuatanga nui o te kino o te papanga, ā, he pānga tika ki te roa o te kakahu.
8. Ngā whakaritenga tuitui āhua: tae atu ki te ine i ngā whakaritenga, ngā hapa o te mata, te tuitui, te whakahāngai, te miro, ngā paru me te rerekētanga tae, me ētahi atu, hei aromatawai i te āhua mā te tatau i ngā hapa. Ina koa, ko ngā pēpi he rōpū ngoikore, ko tā mātou arotahi tonu ki te tiaki i te taonga, ko ngā kakahu e whakamahia ana e ngā pēpi he mea e pā tika ana ki ngā mea e hiahiatia ana e ngā tamariki i ia rā, ko tōna haumaru, ko tōna whakamarie, ko ngā mātua me te hapori katoa te arotahi. Hei tauira, ko ngā whakaritenga mō ngā hua me ngā reti, te roa o te taura, te rahi o te kara, te tūranga tuitui o te tapanga roa o te tohu hokohoko, ngā whakaritenga mō te whakapaipai, me ngā whakaritenga mō te wāhanga tā e pā ana ki te haumaru.
(2)Ngā papanga kua whakamahia, ngā taputapu whakapaipai mēnā he matū kino kei roto. Ko ngā tohu matua ko：
Te ihirangi o te formaldehyde:
1.He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te formaldehyde ki te whakaoti i te kapia o te muka kakahu parakore me te papanga whakaranu, me te whakaoti i ētahi hua kakahu. He mahi ā-rino kore utu, ā-mimiti, ā-kirikiri, ā-ngāwari hoki te horoi. Ko ngā kakahu kakahu he nui rawa te formaldehyde, ka tukuna mārire te formaldehyde i roto i te tukanga e mau ana te tangata, ka manawa, ka pa ki te kiri mā te tinana tangata, ka puta te formaldehyde i roto i te tinana o te ara manawa me te kiri ka puta he whakaohooho kaha, ka puta he mate e pā ana, ā, ka puta pea he mate pukupuku. Ki te roa te kai i te formaldehyde iti te kukū, ka ngaro te hiahia kai, ka heke te taumaha, ka ngoikore, ka puta he tohu pēnei i te kore moe. Ko te paitini ki ngā pēpi ka puta ko te mate huango, te tracheitis, ngā rerekētanga o te ira tangata, me te heke o te ātete.
2. Uara PH
Ko te uara PH he taupū e whakamahia whānuitia ana e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te waikawa me te kawakore, i waenga i te uara 0 ~ 14. He paparanga waikawa ngoikore kei roto i te kiri tangata hei ārai i te urunga mai o te mate. Nō reira, ko ngā kakahu, inā koa ko ngā hua e pā tika ana ki te kiri, he pānga tiaki ki te kiri mēnā ka taea te whakahaere i te uara pH i roto i te awhe o te waikawa kūpapa ki te waikawa ngoikore. Ki te kore, ka taea te whakararuraru i te kiri, ka pā kino ki te kiri, ka huakita, ka mate hoki.
3. Te Mau tonu o te Tae
Ko te pakari tae e pā ana ki te kaha o te kakahu kua taehia, kua tāia rānei ki te pupuri i tōna tae taketake me tōna kanapa (kia kore rānei e memeha) i raro i te mahi a ngā āhuatanga o waho i te wā o te tae, te tā, te whakamahinga rānei. Ehara i te mea ko te kounga o ngā hua kakahu anake te mea e pā ana ki te pakari tae, engari e pā tika ana hoki ki te hauora me te haumaru o te tinana tangata. Ka taea te whakawhiti ngāwari i ngā hua kakahu, tae, tae rānei he iti te pakari tae ki te kiri, ā, ka taea e te tinana tangata te mimiti i ngā matū kino me ngā iona konganuku taumaha kei roto i a rātou mā te kiri. I ngā wā māmā, ka taea e rātou te whakamākūkū i te tangata; i ngā wā kino, ka taea e rātou te arahi ki te whero me te papule i runga i te mata o te kiri, ā, ka puta te mate pukupuku. Ina koa, he mea nui te taupū pakari tae o te huware me te werawera o ngā hua pēpi. Ka taea e ngā pēpi me ngā tamariki te mimiti i te tae mā te huware me te werawera, ā, ka pā kino ngā tae kino i roto i ngā kakahu ki ngā pēpi me ngā tamariki.
4. Kakara Motuhake
He maha ngā wā ka haere tahi mai ngā kakahu kounga iti me te haunga, ko te noho o te haunga he tohu kei te nui rawa ngā toenga matū kei runga i te kakahu, koinei te tohu māmā rawa atu mā ngā kaihoko ki te aromatawai. I muri i te whakatuwheratanga, ka taea te whakatau he haunga te kakahu mena ka hongi i te hinu haukū, te hinu kakara, te hinu ika, te hinu kakara rānei.
5. Ngā Tae Azo i Rāhuitia
Kāore he pānga tika o te tae azo ki te tinana, engari i raro i ētahi āhuatanga, inā koa te ngoikore o te pumau o te tae, ka whakawhitia tetahi wāhanga o te tae ki te kiri o te tangata mai i te kakahu, i roto i te tukanga noa o te pākia o ngā hinu o te tinana tangata o te whakaterenga koiora i raro i te whakaiti i te amine kakara, ka mimiti haeretia e te tinana tangata mā te kiri, ka puta he mate ki te tinana, ā, ka taea e te hanganga DNA taketake te whakarerekē i te tinana tangata, ka puta he mate pukupuku, me ētahi atu.
6. Whakamararatia ngā Tae
Ko te tae mate pāwera e pā ana ki ētahi tae ka pāwera ki te kiri, ki te kiriuhi mucous, ki te ara manawa rānei o te tangata, o te kararehe rānei. I tēnei wā, e 27 ngā momo tae kua kitea, tae atu ki te 26 ngā momo tae marara me te 1 momo tae waikawa. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā tae marara mō te tae i ngā hua parakore, ngā hua whakaranu rānei o ngā muka polyester, polyamide me te acetate.
7. Te nui o te konganuku taumaha
He puna nui te whakamahinga o ngā tae whakapūhui konganuku mō ngā konganuku taumaha i roto i ngā kakahu, ā, ka taea hoki e ngā muka tipu tūturu te mimiti i ngā konganuku taumaha mai i te oneone, i te hau rānei kua poke i te wā e tipu ana, e tukatukahia ana hoki. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā taputapu kākahu pēnei i ngā reti me ngā pātene, tera pea kei roto i ēnei matū konganuku taumaha kore utu. Ka nui rawa ngā toenga konganuku taumaha i roto i ngā kakahu ka pāngia e te paitini nui ina mimitia e te tinana tangata mā te kiri.
8. Toenga Patupatu
Ko te nuinga o ngā patupatu kei roto i ngā muka taiao (miro), ko ngā toenga patupatu kei roto i ngā kakahu he hanganga pumau, he uaua ki te waikura, ki te pirau, ki te paitini, ka mimitia e te tinana tangata mā te kiri hei kohi i te pumau kei roto i ngā kiko o te tinana, tae atu ki te kohi kiko o te ate, te whatukuhu, me te ngākau, pērā i te pokanoa ki te whakaputanga noa o te matū i roto i te tinana.
9. Te mura o ngā kakahu whānui
Ahakoa neke atu i te tekau ngā tikanga whakamātautau mahi mura kakahu, ka taea te wehewehe i te kaupapa o te whakamātautau kia rua ngā wāhanga: ko te tuatahi ko te whakamātautau i te tauira kakahu māmā i roto i ngā kukū rerekē o te hāora, te hauota, te ōrau o te iti rawa e tika ana hei pupuri i te mura i roto i ngā hau whakauru, te ihirangi hāora (e mōhiotia ana ko te taupū hāora rohe), me te taupū hāora rohe e kī ana i te mahi mura o ngā kakahu. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te iti iho o te taupū hāora rohe, ko te nui ake o te tūponotanga ka mura te kakahu. Ko te tuarua ko te tirotiro me te whakamātautau i te pūwāhi mura kakahu, kātahi ka puta te mura (tae atu ki te mura paowa). I raro i te kaupapa whakamātautau, he maha ngā taupū hei whakaahua i te mahi mura o ngā kakahu. He taupū kounga hei whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga mura, pēnei i te wera o te tauira, te rewa, te waro, te pyrolysis, te whakaheke, te crimping me te maturuturu rewa, me ētahi atu. He tohu tauanga hoki hei whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga mura, pēnei i te roa, te whānui rānei o te mura (te tere mura rānei), te wā mura, te wā haere tonu, te wā paoa, te wā horapa mura, te wāhi pakaru me te maha o te mura e whakaatuhia ana, me ētahi atu.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-10-2021